Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit (Secondary)
Theme: Ways of knowing
Alongside the content of the study of (non)religion in the classroom, there is growing interest in also examining methods of study. Variously called ways of knowing, or (multi)disciplinary study, or knowing how, inducting students into these methodological skills is a challenge.
This book introduces ways of knowing and equips you to apply them in your classroom.
It includes:
• background to ‘ways of knowing’ and justification for their use
• ways of knowing as methods, including icons
• ways of knowing as disciplines
• examples of methods applied to handling texts
• details of a large-scale multidisciplinary study of non-religion, and the application of ways of knowing to analyse the findings.
Select a topic to explore resources
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Handling texts
- Internal8.1 Schools of thought: who is Jesus? (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 8.1 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary edition, section 8: Handling texts. 5 teaching and learning steps with suggestions of how textual sources might be used to explore the question 'Who is Jesus?' Note: this is the first online resource for the title (sections 1-7 do not have online resources).
- Internal8.2 Schools of thought: who is Jesus? 3 summaries (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 8.2 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary edition, section 8: Handling texts. Summaries of three textual sources from within the Christian community which might be used to explore the question 'Who is Jesus?'
- Internal8.3 Interpreting Jesus: three perspectives (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 8.3 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. Sheet to use with students using a Biblical extract from Matthew and how it might be viewed from the three scholarly Christian sources summarised on Resource 8.2.
The causes of non-theism: a multidisciplinary investigation
- Internal9.2 What factors influence people towards theism or non-theism? (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.2 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary edition, section 9: The causes of non-theism, which takes a multi-disciplinary look at Explaining Atheism's (EA) research project on the topic. Sheet provides a selection of potential causes tested by the EA researchers.
- Internal9.3 Am I more likely to be theist or non-theist? (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.3 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary, section 9. Two-page questionnaire with a selection of statements: students are to mark which are more likely to be made by a theist or non-theist.
- Internal9.5A Sample survey from Explaining Atheism: thinking style (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.5A to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. This sheet lists questions which can help ascertain the respondent's 'thinking style'.
- Internal9.5B Thinking styles: responses (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.5B to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. This sheet lists typical responses to questions on 9.5A which can help ascertain the respondent's 'thinking style'.
- Internal9.5C Sample survey from Explaining Atheism: CREDs (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.5C to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. Survey question sheet from a further development of the CREDs (credibility-enhancing displays) measure.
- Internal9.5D Sample survey from Explaining Atheism: Non-theistic Socialisation (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.5D to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. Survey sheet with questions from EA's research project to help measure non-theistic socialisation.
- Internal9.6 Results: which factors have an impact on theism and non-theism? (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.6 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. Provides a reminder of the five categories of factor, as described in the EA project, and the results showing which factors had an impact on theism or non-theism.
- Internal9.7A Results: socialisation factors have most impact (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.7A to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. This sheet provides 'probability' details of two of the three factors with most impact on theism.
- Internal9.7B Results: other factors have some impact on non-theism (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.7B to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. This sheet provides 'probability' details of two other factors, indicating their impact on non-theism.
- Internal9.8 Predictors of non-theism: digging deeper (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.8 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. Predictors of non-theism are listed in a table, with percentage indication of impact on non-theism.
- InternalWays of knowing: links with RE Today publications (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Information for the teacher: how 'ways of knowing' are employed in other RE Today publications: Challenging Knowledge in RE series (including a survey of impact on confidence in teaching multidisciplinary approach in RE), Investigating Worldviews series and Understanding Muslims, Understanding Islam.
Ways of Knowing: icons
- Internal
Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary – icons as pdfsIcons from 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit', secondary edition, in pdf format (in zipped folder). For use in classroom displays and presentations by owners of the book. Icons are copyright of RE Today Services and allowed for classroom use only by schools and teachers who own the 'Ways of Knowing' book. See sections 5 to 7 of the book for explanations and detail. - Internal
Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary – icons as jpgsIcons from 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit', secondary edition, in jpg format (in zipped folder). For use in classroom displays and presentations by owners of the book. Icons are copyright of RE Today Services and allowed for classroom use only by schools and teachers who own the 'Ways of Knowing' book. See sections 5 to 7 of the book for explanations and detail.
Other RE Today publications featuring ways of knowing (for secondary settings)
- ExternalChallenging Knowledge in RE series
- ExternalInvestigating Worldviews series
- ExternalUnderstanding Muslims, Understanding Islam (Secondary)
Introducing 'ways of knowing': references
- ExternalAukland, K. (2024), ‘A methodological turn in RE’, British Journal of Religious Education, 46 (4)
- ExternalFreathy, R., and Doney, J. (2025), ‘The RE-searchers approach: an exposition of methodologically oriented religious education through metaphor, analogy and allegory’, British Journal of Religious Education
- ExternalOfsted (2021), ‘Research review series: religious education'
- ExternalOfsted (2024) 'Deep and meaningful? The religious education subject report'
- ExternalPett, S. (2024), Developing a Religion and Worldviews Approach in Religious Education in England: A Handbook for Curriculum Writers, RE Council
- ExternalRE Council (2023), National Content Standard for Religious Education in England
Why ‘ways of knowing’ is well worth the work
- ExternalCurriculum progression (in Ofsted's 'Research review series: religious education')
- ExternalPaul Smalley (2025), ‘Boldly applying historical ways of knowing to the study of nascent Islam in RE’, Journal of Religious Education
- ExternalDalai Lama: there is no such thing as a Muslim terrorist (The Independent, 19.09.16)
- ExternalDavid R. Smith, Graeme Nixon and Jo Pearce (2018), ‘Bad religion as false religion: an empirical study of UK religious education teachers’ essentialist religious discourse’, Religions, 9(11)
Disciplines as 'ways of knowing'
- ExternalRob Freathy and Giles Freathy (2013), ‘RE-searchers: a dialogical approach to RE in primary schools’, Resource, 36
- ExternalRobert A. Bowie and Richard Coles (2018), ‘We reap what we sew: perpetuating biblical illiteracy in new English Religious Studies exams and the proof text binary question’, British Journal of Religious Education, 40 (3)
Handling texts
- ExternalJulia Ipgrave (2013), ‘From storybooks to bullet points: books and the Bible in primary and secondary RE’, British Journal of RE, 35 (3)
- ExternalPaula Gooder (2008), ', Searching for Meaning: An Introduction To Interpreting The New Testament' (London: SPCK 2008)
The causes of non-theism: a multidisciplinary investigation
Select a topic to explore resources
Member Only Content
Handling texts
- Internal8.1 Schools of thought: who is Jesus? (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 8.1 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary edition, section 8: Handling texts. 5 teaching and learning steps with suggestions of how textual sources might be used to explore the question 'Who is Jesus?' Note: this is the first online resource for the title (sections 1-7 do not have online resources).
- Internal8.2 Schools of thought: who is Jesus? 3 summaries (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 8.2 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary edition, section 8: Handling texts. Summaries of three textual sources from within the Christian community which might be used to explore the question 'Who is Jesus?'
- Internal8.3 Interpreting Jesus: three perspectives (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 8.3 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. Sheet to use with students using a Biblical extract from Matthew and how it might be viewed from the three scholarly Christian sources summarised on Resource 8.2.
The causes of non-theism: a multidisciplinary investigation
- Internal9.2 What factors influence people towards theism or non-theism? (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.2 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary edition, section 9: The causes of non-theism, which takes a multi-disciplinary look at Explaining Atheism's (EA) research project on the topic. Sheet provides a selection of potential causes tested by the EA researchers.
- Internal9.3 Am I more likely to be theist or non-theist? (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.3 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary, section 9. Two-page questionnaire with a selection of statements: students are to mark which are more likely to be made by a theist or non-theist.
- Internal9.5A Sample survey from Explaining Atheism: thinking style (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.5A to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. This sheet lists questions which can help ascertain the respondent's 'thinking style'.
- Internal9.5B Thinking styles: responses (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.5B to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. This sheet lists typical responses to questions on 9.5A which can help ascertain the respondent's 'thinking style'.
- Internal9.5C Sample survey from Explaining Atheism: CREDs (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.5C to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. Survey question sheet from a further development of the CREDs (credibility-enhancing displays) measure.
- Internal9.5D Sample survey from Explaining Atheism: Non-theistic Socialisation (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.5D to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. Survey sheet with questions from EA's research project to help measure non-theistic socialisation.
- Internal9.6 Results: which factors have an impact on theism and non-theism? (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.6 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. Provides a reminder of the five categories of factor, as described in the EA project, and the results showing which factors had an impact on theism or non-theism.
- Internal9.7A Results: socialisation factors have most impact (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.7A to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. This sheet provides 'probability' details of two of the three factors with most impact on theism.
- Internal9.7B Results: other factors have some impact on non-theism (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.7B to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. This sheet provides 'probability' details of two other factors, indicating their impact on non-theism.
- Internal9.8 Predictors of non-theism: digging deeper (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Resource 9.8 to support 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit' secondary. Predictors of non-theism are listed in a table, with percentage indication of impact on non-theism.
- InternalWays of knowing: links with RE Today publications (Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary)Information for the teacher: how 'ways of knowing' are employed in other RE Today publications: Challenging Knowledge in RE series (including a survey of impact on confidence in teaching multidisciplinary approach in RE), Investigating Worldviews series and Understanding Muslims, Understanding Islam.
Ways of Knowing: icons
- Internal
Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary – icons as pdfsIcons from 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit', secondary edition, in pdf format (in zipped folder). For use in classroom displays and presentations by owners of the book. Icons are copyright of RE Today Services and allowed for classroom use only by schools and teachers who own the 'Ways of Knowing' book. See sections 5 to 7 of the book for explanations and detail. - Internal
Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit, secondary – icons as jpgsIcons from 'Ways of Knowing: a Toolkit', secondary edition, in jpg format (in zipped folder). For use in classroom displays and presentations by owners of the book. Icons are copyright of RE Today Services and allowed for classroom use only by schools and teachers who own the 'Ways of Knowing' book. See sections 5 to 7 of the book for explanations and detail.
Other RE Today publications featuring ways of knowing (for secondary settings)
- ExternalChallenging Knowledge in RE series
- ExternalInvestigating Worldviews series
- ExternalUnderstanding Muslims, Understanding Islam (Secondary)
Introducing 'ways of knowing': references
- ExternalAukland, K. (2024), ‘A methodological turn in RE’, British Journal of Religious Education, 46 (4)
- ExternalFreathy, R., and Doney, J. (2025), ‘The RE-searchers approach: an exposition of methodologically oriented religious education through metaphor, analogy and allegory’, British Journal of Religious Education
- ExternalOfsted (2021), ‘Research review series: religious education'
- ExternalOfsted (2024) 'Deep and meaningful? The religious education subject report'
- ExternalPett, S. (2024), Developing a Religion and Worldviews Approach in Religious Education in England: A Handbook for Curriculum Writers, RE Council
- ExternalRE Council (2023), National Content Standard for Religious Education in England
Why ‘ways of knowing’ is well worth the work
- ExternalCurriculum progression (in Ofsted's 'Research review series: religious education')
- ExternalPaul Smalley (2025), ‘Boldly applying historical ways of knowing to the study of nascent Islam in RE’, Journal of Religious Education
- ExternalDalai Lama: there is no such thing as a Muslim terrorist (The Independent, 19.09.16)
- ExternalDavid R. Smith, Graeme Nixon and Jo Pearce (2018), ‘Bad religion as false religion: an empirical study of UK religious education teachers’ essentialist religious discourse’, Religions, 9(11)
Disciplines as 'ways of knowing'
- ExternalRob Freathy and Giles Freathy (2013), ‘RE-searchers: a dialogical approach to RE in primary schools’, Resource, 36
- ExternalRobert A. Bowie and Richard Coles (2018), ‘We reap what we sew: perpetuating biblical illiteracy in new English Religious Studies exams and the proof text binary question’, British Journal of Religious Education, 40 (3)
Handling texts
- ExternalJulia Ipgrave (2013), ‘From storybooks to bullet points: books and the Bible in primary and secondary RE’, British Journal of RE, 35 (3)
- ExternalPaula Gooder (2008), ', Searching for Meaning: An Introduction To Interpreting The New Testament' (London: SPCK 2008)